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This book entitled "Environmental Challenges: Current Perspectives on Indonesian Sustainability and Biodiversity" elaborate on the grand theme of recent environmental challenges, sustainability, and biodiversity. The Graduate School of Brawijaya University, as the host institution for most of the authors, is currently taking the interdisciplinary approach, which has the uniqueness and emphasize on the complexity of environmental problems in Indonesia. In fact, environmental challenges is the core study of the Doctoral study program of Environmental Sciences. The increase in prevalence of environmental crisis lately possess a direct threat to biodiversity in Indonesia, Indonesian biodiversity is predicted to decline quite sharply, for an instance in case of water pollution or the decrease of agricultural areas, On the other hand, however, biodiversity can be utilized as valuable tools to tackle environmental issues. The examples which will be covered in this book include a case study of urban space area design, which will also consider the use of specific vegetation types planted in the observed area. There is also an increasing utilization of microbial colonies, or biofilm, as an agent for bioremediation in the happenings of river pollutions